Python Operators
Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:
| Operator | Operation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ** | Exponent | 2 ** 3 = 8 |
| % | Modulus/Remainder | 22 % 8 = 6 |
| // | Integer Division | 22 // 8 = 2 |
| / | Division | 22 / 8 = 2.5 |
| * | Multiplication | 3 * 3 = 9 |
| - | Subtraction | 5 -2 = 3 |
| + | Addition | 2 + 2 = 4 |
Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
| Operator | Example | SameAs |
|---|---|---|
| = | x = 5 | x = 5 |
| += | x += 3 | x = x + 3 |
| -= | x -= 3 | x = x - 3 |
| *= | X *= 3 | x = x * 3 |
| /= | x /= 3 | x = x / 3 |
| %= | x %= 3 | x = x % 3 |
| //= | x //= 3 | x = x // 3 |
| **= | X **= 3 | x = x ** 3 |
| &= | x &= 3 | x = x & 3 |
| |= | X |= 3 | x = x | 3 |
| ^= | x ^= 3 | x = x ^ 3 |
| >>= | x >>= 3 | x = x >> 3 |
| <<= | x <<= 3 | x = x << 3 |
Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values:
| Operator | Name | Example |
|---|---|---|
| == | Equal | x == y |
| != | Not equal | x != y |
| > | Greater than | x > y |
| < | Less than | x < y |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y |
| <= | Less than or equal to | x <= y |
Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
| Operators | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| and | Returns True if both statements are true | x < 5 and x < 10 |
| or | Returns True if one of the statements is true | x < 5 or x < 4 |
| not | Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true | not(x < 5 and x < 10) |
Identity operators
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
| Operators | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| is | Returns True if both variables are the same object | x is y |
| is not | Returns True if both variables are not the same object | x is not y |
Membership operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:
| Operators | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| in | Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present in the object | x in y |
| not in | Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present in the object | x not in y |
Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:
| Operators | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| & | AND | Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 |
| | | OR | Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 |
| ^ | XOR | Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 |
| ~ | NOT | Inverts all the bits |
| << | Zero fill left shift | Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off |
| >> | Signed right shift | Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off |